Je bent wat je eet... Het is een gezegde dat misschien wel letterlijker kan worden genomen dan we denken. Wat we eten wordt werkelijk een deel van onszelf. Voedsel bevat de bouwstenen voor ons lichaam : water, eiwitten, vetten, koolhydraten, vitaminen en mineralen verzekeren onze groei en het onderhoud van onze lichaamsweefsels. Ze zijn tevens van essentieel belang voor het goed functioneren van onze cellen. Bovendien staat het bijna zo goed als vast dat onze emoties en gedachten ook beïnvloed kunnen worden door een aantal biochemische reacties binnenin onze hersenen. In dit opzicht is de invloed die onze voedselkeuze maakt op ons lichamelijk en geestelijk welzijn niet te onderschatten.
"Laat uw voedsel uw medicijn zijn en uw medicijn uw voedsel". Deze beroemde woorden van Hypocrates, de vader van de geneeskunde, herinneren ons eraan dat in het verleden voeding en medicatie nauwer met elkaar verbonden waren dan vandaag het geval is. Momenteel besteden westerse artsen slechts enkele uren van hun studie in de geneeskunde aan voeding en de mogelijke verbanden met de ontwikkeling van bepaalde aandoeningen. Artsen zijn erop getraind om veel meer aandacht te schenken aan het bestrijden van symptomen dan aan het zoeken naar de onderliggende oorzaken van een ziekte.
Een vegetarisch eetpatroon is mogelijks gezonder dan het traditionele eetpatroon waarmee de meesten onder ons grootgebracht werden. Onderzoek in de voorbije twintig jaar heeft duidelijk de voordelen van vegetarische voeding aangetoond en dit zowel om bepaalde aandoeningen te voorkomen als om ze te helpen behandelen. Hiertoe behoren cardiovasculaire aandoeningen, kanker, zwaarlijvigheid en suikerziekte. Bovendien hebben vegetariërs een lager risiko op galstenen2 en constipatie3. Er bestaan zwakke tot redelijke aanwijzingen dat vegetariers minder kans zouden hebben om osteoporose4, diverticulose5, nierstenen6, appendicitis7, Alzheimer8, caries9 en tanderosie10 te ontwikkelen. Sommige studies tonen ook aan dat astma en allergieën minder voorkomen bij vegetariërs11. Bij astmapatienten zou een veganistisch dieet zelfs de nood aan medicatie en de intensiteit en frequentie van de aanvallen kunnen doen afnemen12.
Elk jaar sterven vier miljoen Europeanen, waarvan achthonderdduizend jonger dan 65 jaar, aan de gevolgen van hart- en vaatziekten (HVZ)13. Bovendien krijgen heel wat mensen een infarkt of een beroerte zonder dodelijke afloop. In België zijn HVZ de hoofdoorzaak van overlijden; 40 % van de sterfgevallen is hieraan te wijten14.
Hoewel er ook een verband bestaat tussen HVZ en genetische en omgevingsfaktoren, blijkt uit sommige studies dat het voedingspatroon een veel grotere rol speelt dan tot nu toe gedacht15.
Voedingsgewoonten die leiden tot een verhoogd cholesterolgehalte in het bloed spelen een cruciale rol bij het risiko op HVZ. Zonder deze factor hebben andere factoren zoals hoge bloeddruk, roken, weinig beweging en diabetes een eerder kleine impact16.
De meeste studies hebben bevestigd dat verzadigde vetten, transvetzuren, voedingscholesterol en dierlijke eiwitten het cholesterol in het bloed doen stijgen17. Voedingscholesterol is voornamelijk aanwezig in dierlijke voeding maar zo goed als afwezig in plantaardige voeding.
Uit een aantal studies blijkt dat vegetariërs een veel lager risico op HVZ hebben in vergelijking met niet-vegetariërs18. Omdat een vegetarische levenswijze hand in hand gaat met een lager cholesterolgehalte19, een lagere bloeddruk20, een verlaagde kans op overgewicht21 en een kleiner risico op diabetes mellitus type II22 (de belangrijkste factoren voor HVZ) kan een dergelijk voedingspatroon een goede hulp zijn in het bestrijden van HVZ23.
Vegetariërs neigen tot een hoge consumptie van gunstige substanties die het risico op CHZ en kanker verminderen. Zo kan de hogere inname van vezels in vegetarische voeding bijdragen tot een lager cholesterolgehalte in het bloed24.
Plantaardige voeding is over het algemeen rijk aan antioxidanten: onder andere de vitaminen C en E, carotenen, flavonoiden en selenium, kunnen bescherming bieden tegen LDL-cholesterol oxidatie. Ook andere substanties in planten (fytochemicalïen) kunnen de ontwikkeling van kanker en hartziekten helpen voorkomen. Een voorbeeld zijn de terpenen in citrusvruchten en kruiden zoals dille en karwij.
Er bestaan afdoende bewijzen voor het feit dat een vegetarisch voedingspatroon niet alleen nuttig kan zijn om cardiovasculaire aandoeningen te voorkomen maar ook om ze te genezen25. De Amerikaanse arts Dean Ornish heeft in revolutionair onderzoek aangetoond dat vetarme vegetarische voeding de blokkade in sommige bloedvaten ongedaan kan maken. In bepaalde gevallen was het zelfs mogelijk om hartoperaties te voorkomen26. Critici op het werk van Ornish beweren dat zijn behandeling inderdaad lijkt te werken, maar dat niet van iedereen kan verwacht worden om z'n eetgewoonten zo drastisch aan te passen. Ornish : "Ik begrijp niet waarom het drastisch zou zijn om mensen te vragen goed gebalanceerd vegetarisch te eten, terwijl het medisch gezien gangbaar is om mensen open te snijden en hen voor de rest van hun leven cholesterolverlagende medicatie te laten innemen."
In 1990 telde de Europese Unie 837.000 doden ten gevolge van kanker en ongeveer 1.300.000 kankerdiagnoses27. In België is kanker de tweede grootste doodsoorzaak, verantwoordelijk voor 30% van de sterfgevallen28, met ongeveer 40.000 slachtoffers per jaar29.
Hoewel factoren zoals roken, genetische predisposite em omgevingsfactoren een belangrijke rol in het ontstaan van kanker, krijgt het belang van de voeding dagelijks meer nadruk. Niet alleen zou voeding een grote preventieve rol spelen, maar ook bij de behandeling van kanker zouden onze eetgewoonten van belang zijn. Meer dan 100 studies wereldwijd hebben aangetoond dat het eten van fruit en groenten het risiko op kanker kan verlagen30. Onder andere bij darm-, long-, borst- en prostaatkanker wordt er een verband gelegd met voedingsfactoren31. Een vegetarisch voedingspatroon werd al vaak gelinkt aan de preventie van sommige kankers32.
Niet minder dan 30% van de Belgische bevolking heeft te kampen met overgewicht, en 11% is zwaarlijvig33. Men verwacht dat tegen het jaar 2030, 60% tot 70% van de Europeanen aan overgewicht, en 40% tot 50% aan zwaarlijvigheid zullen lijden34.
Chronische ziekten die met overgewicht en vooral zwaarlijvigheid geassocieerd worden zijn: hart- en vaatziekten, een hoge bloeddruk, dyslipidemie, diabetes mellitus type II, galstenen, slaapapneu, osteoartritis, vetgeassocieerde kankers (voornamelijk borst-, baarmoederlichaam-, eierstok-, prostaat-, dikke darm-, en galblaaskanker), enz.
Overgewicht en zwaarlijvigheid (O&Z) zijn het resultaat van een complexe en nog niet volledig begrepen wisselwerking tussen genetische, fysiologische, gedrags- en omgevingsfactoren35. Waar vroeger de grote meerderheid van de gevallen van O&Z aan genetische factoren werd toegeschreven, bedraagt dit vandaag nog grofweg een derde36. Voordat men de oorzaak van O&Z zoekt bij erfelijkheid of andere factoren, zou men er eerst en vooral een gezonde voeding moeten op nahouden.
Hoewel er zeker zwaarlijvige vegetariërs te vinden zijn, toont onderzoek aan dat deze aandoeningen veel minder voorkomen onder vegetariërs37. Eén studie die vegetariërs vergelijkt met omnivoren rapporteert dat het gemiddelde gewicht van de vegetariërs nadrukkelijk lager was dan dat van de omnivoren, maar dat het vegetarische voedingspatroon een stuk méér calorieën aanreikte dan het niet-vegetarische38. Wanneer de calorieën van complexe koolhydraten komen, kan men meer eten zonder aan gewicht te winnen. Andere studies leggen dan weer een verband met de hogere vezelinname en de lagere inname van dierlijke vetten en alcohol bij vegetariërs39. Ten slotte kunnen ook de grotere hoeveelheden groenten en fruit in de vegetarische voeding een rol spelen. Deze zijn goede bronnen van vitaminen en mineralen, die een overdreven verlangen naar voedsel kunnen tegengaan40.
Hoewel tot op vandaag vegetarische en omnivore afslankingsdiëten niet vergeleken werden, lijkt het erop dat een vleesloos voedingspatroon kan helpen bij het voorkomen van gewichtstoename. Eén studie vergeleek jongvolwassenen op een vermageringsdieet met die op een vegetarisch dieet en rapporteert dat deze laatsten hun voedingsgewoonten veel langer konden aanhouden dan zij die het conventione vermageringsdieet volgden41.
Ongeveer 4% van de Europeanen en 10% van zij die ouder zijn dan 60, lijdt aan diabetes mellitus (DM)42 of suikerziekte. In België wordt het aantal diabetes-patiënten geschat op zo'n 400.000.
Van vegetarisme is al meermaals aangetoond dat het een belangrijke rol kan spelen in de preventie en behandeling van DM, vooral van DM type II, dat goed is voor 90% van de diabetesgevallen43. Vegetariërs lopen door hun voedingspatroon minder kans op zwaarlijvigheid, en bijgevolg ook op diabetes type II. Tal van studies geven ook aan dat een vegetarisch voedingspatroon met een laag vetgehalte een positieve invloed heeft op het verloop van de ziekte44, zelfs in die mate dat medicatie en insuline-injecties in vele gevallen overbodig worden45.
De voordelen van een vegetarisch voedingspatroon voor de gezondheid, in vergelijking met dat van een alleseter, kunnen (toch gedeeltelijk) als volgt verklaard worden:
Vlees bevat enkele waardevolle voedingsstoffen zoals eiwitten, ijzer en vitamine B12. Aan de andere kant bevat het ook een aantal andere stoffen die niet erg wenselijk zijn voor onze gezondheid. Bovendien kunnen de waardevolle voedingsstoffen net zo goed ergens anders worden teruggevonden.
Verschillende onderzoeken steunen de idee dat een voedingspatroon met een laag vetgehalte, dat rijk is aan vezels, zoals van verschillende fruit- en groentesoorten, volle granen en bonen, sterk bijdraagt tot een optimale gezondheid66. Zo'n voedingswijze speelt een cruciale rol bij de preventie van verschillende soorten kanker en hartziekten. Het ontstaan van bepaalde kankers, zoals darm-, long-, borst- en prostaatkanker, wordt vaak in verband gebracht met ons voedingspatroon67.
Ons milieu is zwaar aangetast door een aantal chemische stoffen en zware metalen, waarvan de schadelijke invloed op onze gezondheid is aangetoond. Zelfs een beperkte aantasting met chemicaliën die zich hebben opgestapeld in levende organismen, kan leiden tot een zeer hoge graad van besmetting in de lichaamsweefsels van dieren88. Om een voorbeeld te geven: in een biologisch milieu in het Ontario-meer (VS) accumuleren kleine waterorganismen zoals algen, PCB's - een endocrien verstorend organochlorine - in concentraties die honderden keren hoger liggen dan in het omringende water. Vissen die de algen eten, accumuleren nog grotere hoeveelheden, en roofvogels zoals zilvermeeuwen die aan de top van de voedselketen vis eten, krijgen de grootste hoeveelheden binnen. Het niveau van PCBs in hun eieren kan tot 25 miljoen keer hoger liggen dan het oorspronkelijke niveau in het water89. Mensen, die aan de top van de voedselketen staan (door de consumptie van koeienvlees, varkensvlees, kip, vis, melk, kaas, en eieren), kunnen nog hogere concentraties van deze biologische accumulatieve stoffen vertonen dan de dieren die ze eten.
Verder kunnen in vlees soms ook resten van antibiotica gevonden worden. Wanneer deze door het menselijk lichaam worden opgenomen, is het effect alsof we ze zelf direct innemen. Overdosissen antibiotica kunnen "vriendelijke" bacteriën in ons lichaam vernietigen, die nodig zijn voor het verterings- en absorptieproces. Verder heeft het gebruik van antibiotica geleid tot het ontstaan van generaties van antibiotica-resistente bacteriën zoals E. Coli, Listeria, Salmonella, en Camphylobacter.
Toegevoegde hormonen in vlees (illegaal in België) kunnen in ons lichaam terechtkomen en onze eigen hormonenbalans verstoren. Ze kunnen bijdragen tot verschillende degeneratieve ziekten zoals teelbal-, borst-, en prostaatkanker90.
Zelfs zonder chemische additieven bevat vlees verschillende toxines zoals putrescine, cadaverine, ureum, urinezuur, indol, escatol (onder andere) die terechtkomen in de bloedstroom. Andere toxines worden gevormd en geabsorbeerd in de darmen, door de rotting die vlees ondergaat bij de opstapeling in de darmen. De aanwezigheid van bepaalde van deze toxines kan, zelfs in kleine dosissen, leiden tot bepaalde stoornissen in het metabolisme, interfereren in enzymatische reacties, het uithoudingsvermogen en de immuniteit verlagen, om nog maar te zwijgen van de minder onderzochte effecten die ze kunnen hebben op ons zenuwstelsel.
Naargelang een aantal mentale aandoeningen meer onderzocht worden, krijgt de wetenschap meer aandacht voor de rol van voeding in het menselijk gedrag. Sommige studies tonen aan dat bepaalde voedingsproducten het neurohormoongehalte in onze hersenen kunnen wijzigen, die op hun beurt kunnen leiden tot gemoeds- en gedragswijzigingen91. Twee stoffen, adrenochroom en adrenolutine, kunnen een psychoto-mimetische invloed hebben op mensen92, dit wil zeggen dat ze kunnen leiden tot verschillende vormen van psychische stoornissen. Ze spelen een belangrijke rol in bepaalde mentale aandoeningen, zoals de ziekte van Alzheimer93 en schizofrenie94. Beide stoffen kunnen ook in vlees gevonden worden, en ontstaan door de afbraak van adrenaline, die op het moment van de slachting door het dier geproduceerd wordt. Er is nog weinig geweten over de rol die de inname van deze stoffen via de voeding speelt, en welke dosissen precies gemoedswijzigingen kunnen veroorzaken.
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